A branch of linguistics study patterning of speech sounds.
A study of sound of natural sources.
A branch of linguistics deal with system of sounds within a language or between different languages.
A categorical organization of speech sounds in a language which try to know how to speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning.
Phonology focus why sounds happen and how a sound create meaning.
It study rules in different languages.
Phonology study what are the sound ( phoneme) in a language.
Along with study of sound in spoken language it also study sound in sign language.
Alike phonetics phonology study : How many different sounds? How they are different from other sounds? How the sound created in different phonological context? How variations found in different context?
It study variations of sounds in different context for example – social context.
* In social phonological context a linguist study how a person speak in different level or place ? For example
Ram at home speak to his mother in a little careless tone because of closeness to his mother so this time pitch of thier talks will different . but if Ram at his office and talking to his officer then the tone of his speech will different. Therefore theses two different behavior that in social phonological context produce sounds in different ways.
More example:
If you will be asked to recognize someone while closing your eyes and the person is a cop so how you will find that he is male or female? Indian or from other countries ? Then you recognize him by listening that person so this is called social context.
All language s have limited number of sounds.
A linguist study sounds produce by human speech organs that have role in production of language because natural and primary medium of human language is sound.
Speech sounds
Sounds are described that how they are produce in vocal tract by moving the articulators.
Phoneme: A phoneme is a family of speech sounds ( phones) that the speaker of a language think of as being and usually hear as a same sounds.Speech sounds divided into two main groups- 1 Consonants and 2 Vowels
We have a universal alphabet of sounds to know the full spectrum of sounds .
The IPA or international phonetic alphabet uses a single symbol for each specific sound.
In English we have 26 letters but speech sounds are 44 because there are know relation between the system of writing and the system of pronunciation.
Representation of language
Language can be represented in orthographic or written form and phonetic or spoken form . both these forms can be used in more than one way in their working style means in orthography a single letter create more than one sound and same as in phonetic form more than one letter can create only one sound.
Therefore both representation forms of language can find different rules in their creation of using each other style.
For example-
Orthographic Form
The letter S produce 4 different sounds
/s/slow, sin
/z/ dogs, busy
// sure, sugar
// pleasure, vision
Phonetic form
The sound of N can be produce by one or more than one letters .
n- in need, now
nn- in funny, running
kn – in knife, know
Pn- in pneumonia
Units of Phonology
1 Phoneme
* Phones
* Phonemes
* Allophone
* Minimal Pair
2 Syllable
3 Word Accent
1 Phoneme
1.1 Phone – it is speech sound but not specific to any language.
1.2 Phonemes- it is a group of phones or unit of sounds that varying because of their phonological distribution. Phonemes can be discuss in the reference of specific language.
Phonemes include all sounds used in a language. It include vowels and consonant.
Phonemes do not have any inherent meaning by itself but when put phonemes together they can make words.
Phonemes is denoted by a chrecter enclosed with forward slashes // or square braces[].
Example
The symbol /i/ represent the vowal sound heard in the word team.
In a language number of phonemes is fixed.
1.3 Allophone- allophones are diffrent speech sounds that are realization of the same phoneme.
If one phoneme can use in more than one speech sounds it is allophone.it isa varient of a phoneme.
For example
The aspirated t of top , the unaspirated t of stop, the tt of better.
More example
/p/ pin
/p/ tap
1.4 Minimal Pair- a pair of words that are alike except for one phonological unit.it has only one phonemic difference.
For example
Tar. and Bar see here is only one consonant difference in words that change meaning.
2 Syllable- a syllable is sound of vowels (a e I o u) created hen pronouncing the letters a e I o u or y .
The letter y is a vowel if it create sounds of a e I o u .
The number of times that you hear the sounds of a vowel is a number of syllables in a word.
When two or more vowel are next to each other the number of syllable depends on the number of vowel sounds.
We can say organized sequence of sounds that are produced as a unit while speaking re called syllables.
A syllables can be one or more than one in a word.
ENGLISH KI PATHSHALA 